How Does Cell Size And Shape Influence The Diffusion Of Molecules Into And Out Of The Cell

1.0 Rationale

In this experiment, the rate of diffusion of hydrochloric acid into different agar shapes volition be recorded in order to ultimately decide whether the shape of a cell affects the rate of improvidence. Man observation will be used to determine when in that location is no remaining pink agar. In theory, the relatively less surface expanse available for substances to diffuse through a cell results in a slower the rate of diffusion. (BBC, n.d.).

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The prison cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. This is done through the process of active or passive transport. In this instance, passive transport, and in particular, diffusion, is the movement occurring. Diffusion is a concrete process that refers to the cyberspace movement of molecules from a region of loftier concentration to one of lower concentration in order to be at a country of equilibrium (biology dictionary, 2017). Diffusion is vital for the uptake of substances needed past cells, and also the removal of waste products produced past the cells. Nonetheless, for this to occur, the cell membrane must be partially permeable. That is, the structure of these membranes is such that they allow sure particles to pass through membranes, hence into or out of the cell (IvyRose Holistic, n.d.). In terms of mathematical measurements, the important betoken is that the surface area to the book ratio gets smaller equally the cell gets larger. Thus, if the cell grows beyond a certain limit, non enough material volition be able to cross the membrane fast plenty to accommodate the increased cellular volume (Blamire, 2001). In this experiment, the hydrochloric acid was used to diffuse through the cell, which is represented by the pinkish agar shapes which were fabricated of phenolphthalein and sodium hydroxide. Equally hydrochloric acid diffuses into the cell, information technology neutralises the base and the indicator disappears.

2.0 Inquiry question – How does the shape of a cell touch the rate of diffusion?

Independent variable – Shape (surface surface area) of agar

Dependent variable – The time for the pink to disappear

Controlled variables – Concentration of acid, temperature of acrid, the size of the dish the experiments are tested in, amount of stirring, volume of agar.

3.0 Methodology

3.1 Original method

The original method focused on improvidence of sulfuric acid through iii pinkish agar cubes of a different book. After x minutes, the remaining volume of pink agar was measured to determine the affect the surface to volume ratio had on improvidence.

3.2 Modifications to method

3.2.1 Refined by

The original experiment was modified in social club to better accurateness. Rather thanmeasuring the volume remaining after x minutes, we measured the time it took for the acid to completely diffuse into the agar. This is because by changing the shape of the agar, it would have been difficult to record accurate measurements of the book for the remaining pinkish agar. The initial experiment was altered due to the excessive time it took for the act of diffusion to occur. In response to this, the concentration was increased from 0.1M to 1M.

3.ii.2 Extended past

The modifications that were made to the original experiment based on the research question was the shape of the agar. This was changed from cubes to five different shapes in social club to have varied surface surface area to volume ratios and determine its impact on diffusion charge per unit. The volume for each shape was the aforementioned at 7ml.

three.3 Run a risk Management

Before conducting the experiment, potential hazards were identified as well as ways to minimise these risks. Hazards include breakage of chalice, cuts from chipped rims, easily flammable paper towels, heating of the plastic spoon resulting in the release of toxic vapours, irresponsible employ of rulers also equally potential called-for and splinters, and the blade or plastic handle from the Stanley knife causing hand and centre injuries. Notwithstanding, these can be managed and prevented by inspecting and discarding chipped or cracked breakers, avoid use of newspaper towels, spoons and rulers near naked flames and heat sources, checking for splinters and avert using Stanley knife where possible.

4.0 Results

Table one

This table is the original data from the experiment containing the fourth dimension information technology took for the acid to lengthened through each shape. These results show the charge per unit of diffusion for five tests.

Tabular array ii

This table represents the relevant information from the v conducted experiments. The mathematical concepts involved assist provide data on the reliability and validity of the experiment and ultimately assist in answering the inquiry question.

	P(T<=t) two-tail
Rectangular Prism / Pineapple	0.000531236
Rectangular Prism / Tree	0.289629573
Rectangular Prism / Disk	0.157534827
Rectangular Prism / Oval	8.12956E-05
Pineapple / Tree	0.0005662
Pineapple / Disk	0.157848097
Pineapple / Oval	0.489599899
Tree / Disk	0.252363647
Tree / Oval	0.00021885
Disk / Oval	0.231918131

Table iii

This table indicates the comparing of the shapes and the P value outcomes to determine any statistical differences between shapes.

Table four

	Area (mm)	Mean
Rectangular Prism	2500	eleven.488
Pineapple	2740.33	22.222
Tree	1940	12.69
Deejay	1924.23	16.776
Oval	2035.75	21.064

This tabular array shows the comparing of the area for each shaped versus the hateful time it took for muriatic acid to lengthened into the agar. This is used to identify whatsoever patterns or trends and to determine if the shape or surface expanse of a cell affects the charge per unit of improvidence.

Graph 1

This graph shows the hateful charge per unit of diffusion for each shape besides as the standard difference.

4.2 Processing data

The statistical methods that were used to process the data consisted of mean, standard error, standard divergence, range, minimum, maximum, sum, count, confidence levels and P values.

iv.three Candy data

The collected processed data demonstrates comparable mathematical outcomes. The hateful shows the average rate of improvidence. Relating to this is standard divergence which quantifies the dispersion of the set information values. Similarly, the standard mistake determines if well-nigh of the data is around our mean and the confidence level is how accurate the mean is based on the information and its representatives of it. The P values indicates if there is a statistical difference betwixt the samples. If the P value is less than 0.05, there is a difference between these 2 shapes. The range is the difference between the everyman and highest values and can likewise help in determining if outliers are credible. The sum shows the total of the results when added together. The count states the number of tests that were conducted. These results were all summate using information analysis in Excel and incorporating detailed statistics.

iv.iv Estimation

There were diverse trends noticed throughout the data tables and graphs. It is visible in table ii and graph 1 that the rectangular prism had the fastest hateful rate of diffusion at 11.488 minutes. This was followed by the tree at 12.69 minutes, the disk at xvi.776 minutes, the oval at 21.064 minutes and the pineapple with a mean time of 22.222 minutes. However, when analysing the line representing standard deviation, the deejay had the most widespread data. For instance, the standard divergence for the disk was 6.74. This means that the replicants were non similar, with a range of 16.79 minutes. According to graph i, the diffusion rate of test number 5 for the disk was 28.12 minutes. This is a major outlier existence roughly double the boilerplate of the other four tests. Therefore, the confidence levels for the disk data is poor. This is compared to the rectangular prism which had the smallest standard departure with just 0.96, and a range of 2.56 minutes to support this. In addition to this, the pineapple, oval and tree shared similar two standard deviations. Nonetheless, the individual tests for the pineapple were pushing a land of being unreasonable with a range of 7.19 minutes. The P values shown on table 2 indicate that the cube had a faster rate than the pineapple, the pineapple had a quicker time than the tree and the tree had a faster fourth dimension than the oval. Thus, means that these shapes are more efficient at diffusion. As for the remaining comparable shapes, there is no real statistical departure and using either shape would not have a high impact on the charge per unit of diffusion.

Subsequently analysing the information and comparing the expanse of each shape to its mean rate of diffusion, information technology was identified that the shapes had no particular pattern despite the theory stating that the smaller surface area meant a slower diffusion time. Therefore, in theory, the shape with the fastest time should have been the pineapple, however, in this case it was the reverse with the pineapple having the slowest charge per unit of improvidence. This was followed past the rectangular prism which contains the second largest area yet had the quickest time. These results may be due to the actual shape itself. For example, the rectangular prism and tree resembled a geometric shape more than so than the pineapple and the oval as both of these shapes had faster improvidence rates.

four .v Analysis

During the experimental method, five tests were conducted for each shape to minimise the limitations. By doing so, this ensures higher accurateness for the results and enhances reliability. The calculation of the surface surface area did announced to accept an impact on the ability to compare expanse to time of diffusion. The fundamental outliers in the deejay and pineapple test as well Outlier mention – in 2 tests

5.0 Evaluation

v.i Sources of error

5.1.1 Affecting reliability

Throughout the experiment, in that location were numerous factors that affected the reliability of the data. When conducting the experiments, it was difficult to keep track of the diffusion rate and record the time for all shapes. This was because some shapes had similar improvidence rates. For example, nosotros had simply two people observing when the pinkish had disappeared for all five rectangular tests as well equally iv/v tests for the tree and 2/5 tests for the deejay, all at an approximate diffusion rate of eleven-13 minutes. This affects the reliability every bit the times that were recorded were not exact, but however, were very close to it. The low standard deviation of 0.96 for the rectangular prism shows that the rate of improvidence for each replicant were similar and therefore is authentic and reliable. In contrast to this, the disk and pineapple results were quite varied and unreasonable. Withal, the disk did maintain some consistency with 2 tests having an approximate time of 12 minutes and two others being at around 116 minutes. The outliers for the pineapple and disk majorly affected the range, this is either considering information technology is hard to notice or simply not a adept shape to consider. Due to not using geometric shapes, the surface area was difficult to summate. To work a way around this, we had to use geometric shape surface surface area formulas that were like to the shapes of the agar used. However, this didn't account for the patterns on the agar shapes and therefore our results for this weren't completely authentic. The only source of determining when the pinkish had disappeared was through homo ascertainment and thus may have impacted the validity of the experiment if the recorded times were inaccurate. If this test was repeated, the likelihood that they would obtain similar results is depression. This is because many experiments have been done to evidence the theory that the smaller the surface surface area of a jail cell, the slower the rate of diffusion. Although the conducted experiment did not support this, the chance of these outcomes occurring once more are unlikely and the possibility that homo error had a relative bear on on the results is high.

5.i.two Affecting validity

There were many obstacles that had an impact on the experiment's validity. Although, the surface expanse measurements weren't exact, this still provides an indication for the expanse to book ratio and answers the enquiry question to a certain extent. The disk with the outstanding outlier also created questionable results. To determine how much of an effect this had on the calculations, the mean was recalculated based on the starting time four tests. It was concluded that even if the outlier was removed, the disk would nonetheless have the third fastest ranking rate of diffusion and would not support our research question, only all the same, would make the test more reliable. Ultimately, the enquiry question was answered just is not supported by secondary evidence or data. However, it does demand to be considered that information technology is an experiment and doesn't always go to theory. Couldn't measure sa accurately, whatsoever reference to sa is questionable – shapes weren't consistant thickness, showed anomilies had thick and thin as opposed to those who had even thickness. Geometric or consistent thickness to have a valid consideration.

5.2 Improvements and extensions

5.2.ane Suggested improvements

If this experiment were to be conducted again, various areas of improvement could be fabricated in society to improve the reliability and validity of the results. To ensure accurate surface area calculations, replacing the electric current agar moulds with geometric shaped agar would be ideal. Specifically, shapes with straight edges to ease the difficulty when measuring. In regard to conducting the experiment, adjustments can be fabricated based on the appliance, and in item, the placement of the agar in the beakers. Rather than having one of each shape in five different jars, grouping the same shapes into each jar would be more efficient when observing. This would be more so effective for the cube test every bit they have similar diffusion rates. In addition to this, allocating more than people of the group to observe a jar each would allow more focus and attention to item on your allocated shapes when determining the remaining pink agar. Is there some mode to determine absence of colour. Mention reducing man fault in relation to place the remaining pinkish colour To increase the reliability of the results, whatsoever significant outliers should be removed, for instance, disk test number 5,

Even thickness

five.ii.2 Suggested extensions

There are minimal extensions that tin be made to this experiment. However, adding onto the poor accuracy issue, whatsoever major outliers, or remarkably varied times, that occur throughout the first trial of the experiment could be conducted again in hope to call back a more than reasonable consequence. Add

6.0 Determination

The experiment focusing on analysing surface area to volume ratio was conducted in order to answer the research question of; How does the shape of a cell impact the rate of diffusion? Through research, information technology was found that theoretically, the smaller the prison cell is the slower the rate of improvidence and vice versa. Despite the numerous factors that impacted the concluding results, such as the difficulty to calculate and the approximation of surface surface area, man errors through observation and lack of people controlling the results, a determination was able to be fabricated to answer our research question; the shape of the prison cell does not affect the rate of improvidence. In spite of that contradicting the theory, it is an experiment which tin ascend many complications or unexpected outcomes. In this case, at that place was a key outlier in the experiment which prosed unrealistic data to nowadays. Withal, removing this outlier from the five tests would not have assisted in answering the question and rather was recommended to conduct the examination over again if this were to occur in the time to come in society to produce more reliable and valid results.

– Modify to third person

– Emphasise surface expanse and thickness

– Change cube to rectangular prism

– Simplify

– Remove some headings

7.0 References

Works Cited

BBC. (n.d.). Retrieved from Bitesize: https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/z8dpqhv/revision/i
biology lexicon. (2017, Apr 28). Diffusion definiton. Retrieved from biological science dictionary: https://biologydictionary.net/diffusion/
Blamire, P. J. (2001). Cell Biology. Retrieved from Exploring Life @ BIO dot EDU: http://world wide web.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/LAD/C5/C5_ProbSize.html
Improvidence. (n.d.). Retrieved from Cassio Pedagogy: https://www.casioeducation.com/resources/pdfs/CB01_Diffusion.pdf
IvyRose Holistic. (n.d.). Functions of the Jail cell Membrane. Retrieved from IvyRose Holistic: https://world wide web.ivyroses.com/Biology/Cells/Jail cell-Membrane-Part.php

Bibliography

BBC. (n.d.). Retrieved from Bitesize: https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/z8dpqhv/revision/1
biology dictionary. (2017, April 28). Diffusion definiton. Retrieved from biology dictionary: https://biologydictionary.net/diffusion/
Blamire, P. J. (2001). Cell Biology. Retrieved from Exploring Life @ BIO dot EDU: http://world wide web.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/LAD/C5/C5_ProbSize.html
Diffusion. (due north.d.). Retrieved from Cassio Education: https://www.casioeducation.com/resources/pdfs/CB01_Diffusion.pdf
IvyRose Holistic. (n.d.). Functions of the Cell Membrane. Retrieved from IvyRose Holistic: https://www.ivyroses.com/Biology/Cells/Prison cell-Membrane-Function.php
Regina, U. o., & Scientific discipline, P. I. (n.d.). Quandaries & Queries. Retrieved from Math Cardinal: http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.07/h/nicholas4.html
Five, S. (2016, January 28). What is the formula for the surface area of a triangular prism? Retrieved from SOCRATIC: https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-formula-for-the-surface-expanse-of-a-triangular-prism
Z., Due east. (2015, June 20). How does expanse to book ratio relate to cell division? Retrieved from socratic: https://socratic.org/questions/how-does-surface-area-to-book-ratio-chronicle-to-cell-division
Zghaib, I. (2018, August 25). How is the surface area of a half cylinder calculated? Retrieved from Quora: https://www.quora.com/How-is-the-surface-surface area-of-a-half-cylinder-calculated